"The CardTalk gave us an effective means of playing a speaking record at a cost that would enable mass distribution in the villages. In years to come many tens of thousands would form the main tool used by Operation Mobilisation and other Christian organisations. One missionary working with the blind found the CardTalks ideal, and distributed them to Hindu and Muslim homes throughout India resulting in a number of people coming to the Lord.

"World Literature Crusade, with their 'Every Home Crusade' program faced the challenge that many thousands of homes in India, especially among the tribals, had no one who could read their literature. Permission was given for them to use our CardTalk design, but to have them made commercially, along with records in some hundred or more languages. In this way at least half a million more cardtalks were distributed."

Image Retouching: A Critical Approach for Media Arts Educators
I developed the following course unit on image tampering, retouching and manipulation for my Introduction to the Electronic Media Studio (EMS1) class at Carnegie Mellon. The semester course is intended for first-year students with little or no computer experience, and serves the purpose of introducing students to basic media-editing tools. The emphasis in the course is not on technical mastery but on understanding digital media technologies as tools for creative cultural practice.

The loosely-organized materials I’ve cited below provide starting points for discussions about image manipulation from several perspectives, including: photojournalistic standards of truthtelling; the construction of idealized beauty in vernacular advertising; and the early history of 19th-century photocollages as an extension of narrative romantic painting.