Preoccupations + history 979
Doc Searls Weblog · The Real Story of Send
6 days ago by Preoccupations
"we need to keep hearing the all-but-silent argument for the Net and its protocols. Because without those we wouldn’t have the rest."
internet
history
email
Doc_Searls
protocols
2012
Jon_Postel
1982
6 days ago by Preoccupations
Virtual AGC Links Page
4 weeks ago by Preoccupations
"Here you'll find a collection of all the AGC, AGS, LVDC, and Gemini spacecraft computer documentation and software that I've managed to find whilst working on Virtual AGC."
programming
code
history
space
NASA
Apollo
4 weeks ago by Preoccupations
ZX Spectrum: the legacy of a computer for the masses | Technology | guardian.co.uk
4 weeks ago by Preoccupations
"Celebrated today in a pitch-perfect Google Doodle, the 30th anniversary of the ZX Spectrum will have many veteran gamers swooning into a reverie of eighties nostalgia. Released on this day in 1982, the machine typified the British approach to industrial design – utilitarian but also idiosyncratic and characterful. It should have been buried by its more powerful contemporary, the Commodore 64, but somehow this strange little slab of plastic and rubber earned itself a considerable slice of the nascent home computing market, especially in Britain."
computing
computers
history
design
history_of_computing
Guardian
1982
4 weeks ago by Preoccupations
Evidence that human ancestors used fire one million years ago
7 weeks ago by Preoccupations
"Microscopic traces of wood ash, alongside animal bones and stone tools, were found in a layer dated to one million years ago at the Wonderwerk Cave in South Africa. "The analysis pushes the timing for the human use of fire back by 300,000 years, suggesting that human ancestors as early as Homo erectus may have begun using fire as part of their way of life," said U of T anthropologist Michael Chazan, co-director of the project and director of U of T's Archaeology Centre."The control of fire would have been a major turning point in human evolution," said Chazan. "The impact of cooking food is well documented, but the impact of control over fire would have touched all elements of human society. "Socializing around a camp fire might actually be an essential aspect of what makes us human.""
fire
Man
pre-history
history
evolution
2012
South_Africa
7 weeks ago by Preoccupations
British design in the modern age: from punk bands to boom-time brands | Art and design | The Guardian
8 weeks ago by Preoccupations
"There is little in the way of revisionism or controversy here; but if the objects are overfamiliar, the subtexts running through them are less so. Avoiding a simplistic chronology, the curators have chosen to define the characteristics of British design thematically. The middle section of the show focuses on subversion. … This anti-authoritarian streak, by turns camp and punk, has become one of the defining features of Britain's cultural self-image; it's a spiky brand identity that Wolff Olins' Olympic logo has attempted to make official. The role recession has played in shaping Britain's design identity is one of the more revealing themes. … How does the story end? What does a show that is part of the flag-waving runup to the Olympics tell us about British design today? In the end, not that much, partly because it is drawn mainly from the V&A's own collection, and museum collections are weakest when it comes to contemporary artefacts. The last decade is much richer than you would think from the few pieces shown here; as the show approaches the present, the narrative threads that run so richly through the rest – of tradition versus modernity, of youth versus authority – begin to fray. … Troika's Falling Light installation (2010), a programmed chandelier that precipitates light like raindrops, is probably the most representative example of contemporary British design. Neither a product nor an artwork, this is innovative for its own sake and was made by a group of designers from France and Germany living in London. It shows us that the boundaries of design are dissolving, and that it is time for us to dispense with the notion of "British design" altogether. The UK's design scene is now nothing if not international, and London, in particular, is a magnet for talent from all over Europe."
design
V&A
exhibition
2012
Britain
culture
history
Guardian
8 weeks ago by Preoccupations
Are Those Who Ignore History Doomed to Repeat it? by Peter Decherney, Nathan Ensmenger, Christopher Yoo :: SSRN
12 weeks ago by Preoccupations
"In The Master Switch, Tim Wu argues that four leading communications industries have historically followed a single pattern that he calls “the Cycle.” Because Wu’s argument is almost entirely historical, the cogency of its claims and the force of its policy recommendations depends entirely on the accuracy and completeness of its treatment of the historical record. Specifically, he believes that industries begin as open, only to be transformed into closed systems by a great corporate mogul until some new form of ingenuity restarts the Cycle anew. Interestingly, even taken at face value, many of the episodes described in the book do not actually follow the Cycle. More importantly, a review of the broader historical literature on these industries reveals that the actual patterns are far more complex and interesting than the Cycle thesis suggests. Indeed, the theoretical literature identifies a number of supply-side, demand-side, and institutional factors that can cause industries to follow a wide range of patterns with respect to openness. The book also largely overlooks the role of advertising and the nature of the government intervention, which can create characteristic distortions and can introduce actors that can serve as counterweights to the industry moguls on which the book focuses. A complete assessment of openness also requires engaging the rich theoretical and empirical literature examining the tradeoffs inherent in open, modular architectures. A more nuanced exploration of variations across these industries and their fit with the hypotheses suggested by the theoretical literature would provide greater insight into the forces that shape and reshape industries over time than would forcing the histories of these four industries to fit into a single, Procrustean pattern."
history
Tim_Wu
book_reviews
2012
12 weeks ago by Preoccupations
As the markets annihilate mankind's agricultural legacy | Beyond The Beyond | Wired.com
12 weeks ago by Preoccupations
"“The accumulated wisdom in the crops and livestock is profound. We’ve been breeding cattle for 10,000 years, goats for 9,000 years, dogs for 12,000 years, chickens for 8,000 years, lamas for 6,500 years, horses for 6,000 years, camels for 4,000 years. All those millennia we have been in deep partnership with the animals. All of our staple foods are ancient. Wheat has been bred for 11,000 years, corn for 8,000 years, rice for 8,000 years, potatoes for 7,000 years, soybeans for 5,000 years. For 9,900 years,” Richardson said, “we’ve been building up variety in domesticated crops and livestock—this whole wealth of specific solutions to specific problems. For the last 100 years we’ve been throwing it away.” 95% is gone. In the US in 1903 there were 497 varieties of lettuce; by 1983 there were only 36 varieties. (Also changed from 1903 to 1983: sweet corn from 307 varieties to 13; peas from 408 to 25; tomatoes from 408 to 79; cabbage from 544 to 28.)"
Long_Now
2012
agriculture
biodiversity
monoculture
history
12 weeks ago by Preoccupations
Białowieża Forest (Idle Words)
february 2012 by Preoccupations
"Apart from a blade of bisongrass, each bottle of this vodka also includes an implicit raised middle finger to the Latin alphabet, in the form of the magnificent Polish word źdźbło (blade of grass). That last vowel represents the rest of the word laughing at you after you have tried to pronounce it."
Maciej_Ceglowski
Poland
forest
history
Europe
2012
february 2012 by Preoccupations
National Geographic Magazine - NGM.com
february 2012 by Preoccupations
""Twenty years ago everyone believed civilization was driven by ecological forces," Schmidt says. "I think what we are learning is that civilization is a product of the human mind.""
civilisation
archaeology
2011
religion
pre-history
history
february 2012 by Preoccupations
notes.husk.org. courtenaybird: Fifty years ago, the four most....
february 2012 by Preoccupations
"I’m not sure why people think the tech industry is a panacea for job creation. Wealth creation? Perhaps. Jobs? Not so much."
Paul_Mison
jobs
work
technology
history
february 2012 by Preoccupations
The Singularity in Our Past Light-Cone
february 2012 by Preoccupations
"Why, then, since the Singularity is so plainly, even intrusively, visible in our past, does science fiction persist in placing a pale mirage of it in our future? Perhaps: the owl of Minerva flies at dusk; and we are in the late afternoon, fitfully dreaming of the half-glimpsed events of the day, waiting for the stars to come out." via Paul (Twitter)
history
singularity
technology
network_culture
networks
2010
february 2012 by Preoccupations
The Singularity
february 2012 by Preoccupations
"My mother sat up suddenly, looked around, delighted, and asked, “What happened here?”" via Paul (Twitter)
singularity
technology
history
february 2012 by Preoccupations
Forget the big bonuses; a pay squeeze is coming - FT.com
january 2012 by Preoccupations
"what is clear is that the squeeze almost certainly has further to go, as regulation bites, deleveraging takes hold and western economies ail. Sadly, it probably will not take the pay ratio to 1950s levels; technology now enables financiers to hop across borders and around rules, skimming fees in opaque ways. But – just as 70 years ago – a cycle has turned; albeit slowly. By 2017, bank pay could look very different from 2007; and modern capitalism will look all the better for it."
FT
2012'banks
banking
pay
history
work
capitalism
january 2012 by Preoccupations
How Kodak Squandered Every Single Digital Opportunity It Had
january 2012 by Preoccupations
"The most immediate takeaway from the fall of Kodak is clear: Don’t be afraid to cannibalize your own business in the name of progress. This is seen time and again in the digital revolution … if you asked Kodak executives in the early 2000s if they were committed to innovation, they would have answered yes, but real innovation requires risk and vision. … The story of Kodak’s downfall is an affirmation that true innovative spirit is much more often found in smaller companies and startups rather than old-school behemoths of yesteryear. After all, if you don’t have much to lose, you tend to make many more all-in bets. But, as Kodak has shown, if you do nothing but play it safe, the cost just to stay in the game will whittle you down until you’ve got nothing left."
Kodak
photography
innovation
business
2012
history
cameras
photos
january 2012 by Preoccupations
National Trust Collections
january 2012 by Preoccupations
via Chris (Twitter) "Discover and view the national inventory of Collections at all National Trust Places - from fine art and furnishings in grand show rooms to many rarely seen items from behind closed doors."
culture
history
heritage
National_Trust
january 2012 by Preoccupations
ChristianLindholm.com: Kodak moments fading into history
january 2012 by Preoccupations
"Thanks to George Eastman and his team, the 21st century was well documented from my grandfathers onward. The Brownie box was a much bigger societal transformer, up there alongside the mobile phone and the personal computer."
Christian_Lindholm
Kodak
cameras
photography
2012
memory
history
january 2012 by Preoccupations
Axial Age - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
january 2012 by Preoccupations
"German philosopher Karl Jaspers coined the term the axial age or axial period (Ger. Achsenzeit, "axis time") to describe the period from 800 to 200 BC, during which, according to Jaspers, similar revolutionary thinking appeared in India, China and the Occident."
history
Man
thought
thinking
history_of_ideas
Wikipedia
january 2012 by Preoccupations
Social media in the 16th Century: How Luther went viral | The Economist
december 2011 by Preoccupations
"Scholars have long debated the relative importance of printed media, oral transmission and images in rallying popular support for the Reformation. Some have championed the central role of printing, a relatively new technology at the time. Opponents of this view emphasise the importance of preaching and other forms of oral transmission. More recently historians have highlighted the role of media as a means of social signalling and co-ordinating public opinion in the Reformation. Now the internet offers a new perspective on this long-running debate, namely that the important factor was not the printing press itself (which had been around since the 1450s), but the wider system of media sharing along social networks—what is called “social media” today. Luther, like the Arab revolutionaries, grasped the dynamics of this new media environment very quickly, and saw how it could spread his message. … The media environment that Luther had shown himself so adept at managing had much in common with today’s online ecosystem of blogs, social networks and discussion threads. It was a decentralised system whose participants took care of distribution, deciding collectively which messages to amplify through sharing and recommendation. Modern media theorists refer to participants in such systems as a “networked public”, rather than an “audience”, since they do more than just consume information. Luther would pass the text of a new pamphlet to a friendly printer (no money changed hands) and then wait for it to ripple through the network of printing centres across Germany. Unlike larger books, which took weeks or months to produce, a pamphlet could be printed in a day or two. Copies of the initial edition, which cost about the same as a chicken, would first spread throughout the town where it was printed. Luther’s sympathisers recommended it to their friends. Booksellers promoted it and itinerant colporteurs hawked it. Travelling merchants, traders and preachers would then carry copies to other towns, and if they sparked sufficient interest, local printers would quickly produce their own editions, in batches of 1,000 or so, in the hope of cashing in on the buzz. A popular pamphlet would thus spread quickly without its author’s involvement. As with “Likes” and retweets today, the number of reprints serves as an indicator of a given item’s popularity. Luther’s pamphlets were the most sought after; a contemporary remarked that they “were not so much sold as seized”. His first pamphlet written in German, the “Sermon on Indulgences and Grace”, was reprinted 14 times in 1518 alone, in print runs of at least 1,000 copies each time. Of the 6,000 different pamphlets that were published in German-speaking lands between 1520 and 1526, some 1,700 were editions of a few dozen works by Luther. In all, some 6m-7m pamphlets were printed in the first decade of the Reformation, more than a quarter of them Luther’s. … Robert Darnton, an historian at Harvard University, who has studied information-sharing networks in pre-revolutionary France, argues that “the marvels of communication technology in the present have produced a false consciousness about the past—even a sense that communication has no history, or had nothing of importance to consider before the days of television and the internet.” Social media are not unprecedented: rather, they are the continuation of a long tradition. Modern digital networks may be able to do it more quickly, but even 500 years ago the sharing of media could play a supporting role in precipitating a revolution. Today’s social-media systems do not just connect us to each other: they also link us to the past." https://twitter.com/#!/tomstandage/status/148182416144596992
network_culture
networked_publics
Luther
Reformation
history
Economist
2011
16thC
Tom_Standage
december 2011 by Preoccupations
But the coolest filtering is personality-driven | Tawawa.org
december 2011 by Preoccupations
"In August 1997, Infoworld arguably ran the earliest press article on blogging"
history
blogging
1997
Dave_Winer
Michael_Sippey
december 2011 by Preoccupations
The Sketchbook of Susan Kare, the Artist Who Gave Computing a Human Face | NeuroTribes
november 2011 by Preoccupations
"Once software was developed that enabled Kare to start brainstorming digitally, she mined ideas from everywhere: Asian art history, the geeky gadgets and toys that festooned her teammates’ cubicles, and the glyphs that Depression-era hobos chalked on walls to point the way to a sympathetic household. The symbol on every Apple command key to this day — a stylized castle seen from above — was commonly used in Swedish campgrounds to denote an interesting sightseeing destination." Comment, Lennart Regebro: "Small pedantic note: It’s not a stylized castle. It’s a Saint Hannes cross or Saint Johns arms. It was proposed to be a symbol for “Place of interest” in Finland in the 50′s and became a traffic sign for this in Scandinavia in the 60′s, so that part is correct. It was my favorite sign when I was a kid. I wanted to stop at every sign."
icons
Mac
Apple
history
history_of_computing
design
2011
november 2011 by Preoccupations
Alcohol's Neolithic Origins: Brewing Up a Civilization - SPIEGEL ONLINE - News - International
november 2011 by Preoccupations
"A secure supply of alcohol appears to have been part of the human community's basic requirements much earlier than was long believed. As early as around 9,000 years ago, long before the invention of the wheel, inhabitants of the Neolithic village Jiahu in China were brewing a type of mead with an alcohol content of 10 percent, McGovern discovered recently. … [McGovern's] bold thesis, which he lays out in his book "Uncorking the Past. The Quest for Wine, Beer and Other Alcoholic Beverage," states that agriculture -- and with it the entire Neolithic Revolution, which began about 11,000 years ago -- are ultimately results of the irrepressible impulse toward drinking and intoxication. "Available evidence suggests that our ancestors in Asia, Mexico, and Africa cultivated wheat, rice, corn, barley, and millet primarily for the purpose of producing alcoholic beverages," McGovern explains. While they were at it, he believes, drink-loving early civilizations managed to ensure their basic survival."
alcohol
archaeology
brewing
history
pre-history
november 2011 by Preoccupations
0sil8.old school browsing
october 2011 by Preoccupations
http://kottke.org/11/10/early-1990s-web-browsers: "I compiled a bunch of old browsers for download back in the day".
browsers
Jason_Kottke
1998
history
history_of_the_web
archive
october 2011 by Preoccupations
Delusions of peace | Prospect Magazine
october 2011 by Preoccupations
"Like so many contemporary evangelists for humanism, Pinker takes for granted that science endorses an Enlightenment account of human reason. Since science is a human creation, how could humans not be rational? Surely science and humanism are one and the same. Actually it’s extremely curious—though entirely typical of current thinking—that science should be linked with humanism in this way. A method of inquiry rather than a settled view of the world, there can be no guarantee that science will vindicate Enlightenment ideals of human rationality. Science could just as well end up showing them to be unrealisable. … if there is anything of substance to be derived from an evolutionary view of the human mind, it must be the persistence of unreason. … The end result of scientific inquiry may well be that irrational beliefs are humanly indispensable. … Pinker’s attempt to ground the hope of peace in science is profoundly instructive, for it testifies to our enduring need for faith. We don’t need science to tell us that humans are violent animals. History and contemporary experience provide more than sufficient evidence. For liberal humanists, the role of science is, in effect, to explain away this evidence. They look to science to show that, over the long run, violence will decline—hence the panoply of statistics and graphs and the resolute avoidance of inconvenient facts. The result is no more credible than the efforts of Marxists to show the scientific necessity of socialism, or free-market economists to demonstrate the permanence of what was until quite recently hailed as the Long Boom. The Long Peace is another such delusion, and just as ephemeral."
John_Gray
2011
book_review
Stephen_Pinker
violence
progress
history
science
october 2011 by Preoccupations
BBC Dimensions: How Many Really?
september 2011 by Preoccupations
http://berglondon.com/blog/2011/09/20/how-many-really/: "It’s little bit of a different animal from its sibling IMHO, which had such an immediate visual punch. This is a slower burn, but in my experience playing with it, I’ve found it can be just as powerful. Both human history and current affairs unfortunately feature an high percentage of turmoil and tragedy. While I’ve selected some rather neutral examples here, juxtaposing your friends with numbers of those injured, enslaved or killed through events in the past can really give one pause. In its way, I’ve found howmanyreally.com a tool for reflection on history. A small piece that I can loosely join to a larger exploration of the facts."
BERG
2011
perspective
history
scale
numbers
visualisation
visualization
september 2011 by Preoccupations
The History of Rome
september 2011 by Preoccupations
"A weekly podcast tracing the history of the Roman Empire, beginning with Aeneas's arrival in Italy and ending (someday) with the exile of Romulus Augustulus, last Emperor of the Western Roman Empire."
history
podcast
Rome
Romans
Classical_World
september 2011 by Preoccupations
BBC - Radio 4 and 4 Extra Blog: In Our Time: To download, keep and listen whenever you want
september 2011 by Preoccupations
"It's become a library of the air. … It now seems that we are becoming an encyclopaedia (I say "we" not in the Mrs Thatcher sense of "We are a grandmother" but "we" in the sense of "the succession of producers, researchers and myself"). There couldn't be a much better outcome, could there? We are asking people to come in and talk whose work furnishes the great written encyclopaedias, and who themselves are salami-slicers of encyclopaedias, and they are now being recycled into a soundipaedia. Can we claim that as a new word?"
In_Our_Time
BBC
radio
Radio_4
Melvyn_Bragg
2011
history
science
his
history_of_ideas
religion
philosophy
art
culture
history_of_culture
september 2011 by Preoccupations
Hand axes unearthed in Kenya are oldest advanced stone tools ever found | Science | The Guardian
september 2011 by Preoccupations
"Researchers dated the sediments where the tools were found to 1.76m years old. Until now, the earliest stone tools of this kind were estimated to be 1.4m years old and came from a haul in Konso, Ethiopia. Others found in India are dated more vaguely, between 1m and 1.5m years old. Older, cruder stone tools have been found. The most ancient evidence of toolmaking by early humans and their relatives dates to 2.6m years ago and includes simple pebble-choppers for hacking and crushing. These Oldowan tools, named after the Olduvai gorge in Tanzania, were wielded by our predecessors for around a million years. But the latest collection of stone tools from Kenya belong to a second, more advanced generation of toolmaking. Known as Acheulian tools after a prominent archaeological site in France, they are larger, heavier and have sharp cutting edges that are chipped from opposite sides into the familiar teardrop shape."
tools
Man
pre-history
history
evolution
Guardian
2011
september 2011 by Preoccupations
Like No Other View On Earth | Current Affairs - ISNS
august 2011 by Preoccupations
"On August 23, 1966, NASA's Lunar Orbiter 1 took the first photo of Earth from the moon's orbit, and it forever changed how we see our home planet. … Pictures of Earth from space had been taken before, by rockets in the 1940s, and satellites in the 1950s and 1960s. However, those pictures captured just parts of Earth, as opposed to a full-on view of the planet. But that was about to change. … at some point during the Lunar Orbiter 1's mission, NASA contemplated pointing the spacecraft's camera at Earth. … on August 23, the spacecraft successfully took a photo of an earthrise, the blue planet rising above the moon's horizon. … More pictures followed, including the famous Blue Marble photo of the Earth taken from the window of the Apollo spacecraft."
moon
NASA
Earth
history
1966
space
space_exploration
august 2011 by Preoccupations
The Library in the New Age by Robert Darnton | The New York Review of Books
august 2011 by Preoccupations
"Simplifying things radically, you could say that there have been four fundamental changes in information technology since humans learned to speak. Somewhere, around 4000 BC, humans learned to write. Egyptian hieroglyphs go back to about 3200 BC, alphabetical writing to 1000 BC. According to scholars like Jack Goody, the invention of writing was the most important technological breakthrough in the history of humanity. It transformed mankind’s relation to the past and opened a way for the emergence of the book as a force in history. The history of books led to a second technological shift when the codex replaced the scroll sometime soon after the beginning of the Christian era. By the third century AD, the codex—that is, books with pages that you turn as opposed to scrolls that you roll—became crucial to the spread of Christianity. It transformed the experience of reading: the page emerged as a unit of perception, and readers were able to leaf through a clearly articulated text, one that eventually included differentiated words (that is, words separated by spaces), paragraphs, and chapters, along with tables of contents, indexes, and other reader’s aids. The codex, in turn, was transformed by the invention of printing with movable type in the 1450s. To be sure, the Chinese developed movable type around 1045 and the Koreans used metal characters rather than wooden blocks around 1230. But Gutenberg’s invention, unlike those of the Far East, spread like wildfire, bringing the book within the reach of ever-widening circles of readers. The technology of printing did not change for nearly four centuries, but the reading public grew larger and larger, thanks to improvements in literacy, education, and access to the printed word. Pamphlets and newspapers, printed by steam-driven presses on paper made from wood pulp rather than rags, extended the process of democratization so that a mass reading public came into existence during the second half of the nineteenth century. The fourth great change, electronic communication, took place yesterday, or the day before, depending on how you measure it. The Internet dates from 1974, at least as a term. It developed from ARPANET, which went back to 1969, and from earlier experiments in communication among networks of computers. The Web began as a means of communication among physicists in 1981. Web sites and search engines became common in the mid-1990s. And from that point everyone knows the succession of brand names that have made electronic communication an everyday experience: Web browsers such as Netscape, Internet Explorer, and Safari, and search engines such as Yahoo and Google, the latter founded in 1998."
Robert_Darnton
news
newspapers
2008
NYRB
via:vielmetti
texts
truth
information
books
history
publishing
printing
libraries
Google_Book_Search
bibliography
august 2011 by Preoccupations
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